Artwork
Lion, Bull, Fox, Wolf, Dog, Boar, Goat, Horse, Elephant and Deer

Lion, Bull, Fox, Wolf, Dog, Boar, Goat, Horse, Elephant and Deer is an ink print by the Renaissance artist Adriaen Collaert. It dates from 1597 and is held in the collection of the National Gallery of Art.
About this work
Overview
Adriaen Collaert’s engraving, dated around 1597, presents a crowded tableau of ten animals—lion, bull, fox, wolf, dog, boar, goat, horse, elephant and deer—set within a wooded landscape. The composition is dense, with the creatures intertwined and the elephant’s trunk looping over the group, while a solitary deer occupies a calmer space in the background.
Subject & Meaning
The work assembles a variety of fauna without a narrative context, suggesting an allegorical inventory of earthly beings. By juxtaposing predatory and domesticated species, the print invites contemplation of the natural hierarchy and the symbolic attributes traditionally assigned to each animal, such as strength, cunning or loyalty.
Technique & Style
Executed on laid paper, Collaert employs fine incised lines to render fur, skin and foliage, achieving a high degree of textural detail within a relatively small format. The figures are stylized rather than naturalistic, emphasizing emblematic forms and movement through exaggerated poses and interlocking bodies.
History & Provenance
Created in the late sixteenth century, the engraving reflects the flourishing print market of the Low Countries, where Collaert was active as a prolific engraver for publishing houses. Surviving copies are held in several European museum collections, attesting to the work’s circulation among collectors of printed curiosities.
Context
The piece belongs to a tradition of emblematic animal prints that circulated alongside scientific treatises and bestiaries. In the period’s visual culture, such compilations served both decorative and didactic purposes, illustrating moral lessons or natural history observations for an increasingly literate audience.
Artist & collection











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